Study on the attenuation pattern of stress wave in granite impacted by 30CrMnSiA alloy steel projectiles at 1.5–5.5 km/s.

This article focuses on investigating the propagation and attenuation of stress waves in granite subjected to hypervelocity kinetic energy projectile impacts. Using a two-stage light gas gun, hypervelocity impact tests were conducted on granite targets instrumented with PVDF film pressure sensors, and the Johnson–Holmquist ceramics (JH-2) constitutive model parameters were calibrated based on splinter impact and static tests. Numerical simulations employing a coupled smoothed particle hydrodynamics–finite element method (SPH-FEM) extended the experimental data, leading to the derivation of a formula describing the exponential decay of peak stress waves with distance from the impact point, where the attenuation coefficient correlates with the degree of rock damage. Rock damage was further characterized through the attenuation of acoustic wave velocity, enabling classification of damage zones based on a damage factor. The study concludes that the combined experimental and numerical approach effectively captures granite's damage behavior and stress wave evolution under hypervelocity impact, providing insights into the relationship between impact velocity, stress wave attenuation, and rock damage.