"Aloha with tears": Native Hawaiians in the California Gold Rush, 1848-1860.

The article presents a detailed account of the Hawaiian Kānaka miners who came to California during the California gold rush. Between 1848 and 1860, over a thousand Kānaka Maoli mined gold in California, profoundly impacting California, Hawai‘i, and the Hawaiian diaspora. These miners, who introduced unique Native Hawaiian mining techniques, contributed significantly to the global gold supply and established a lasting legacy in both regions. Their migration and the resulting epidemics further reduced the Hawaiian population, while also establishing the largest Hawaiian diasporic community in history.