Numerical Investigation for a Two-Dimensional Moving Flapping Wing.

The article focuses on a numerical investigation of the aerodynamic performance of a two-dimensional moving flapping wing using a coupled fluid–solid interaction model. Employing the Galerkin least-squares finite element method to solve the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations, the study integrates rigid body motion equations to simulate wing dynamics, validated against existing benchmark data. Parametric analyses identify critical values for Reynolds number, flapping frequency, maximum wing angle, and Froude number that govern the transition between hovering, landing, and takeoff behaviors. The model is further applied to simulate the vertical takeoff of the fruit fly Drosophila Melanogaster, demonstrating qualitative agreement with biological observations. The work suggests future extensions including flexible wing modeling, three-dimensional effects, and environmental influences such as ground effect and gusts.