The Psychopathology of Political Ideologies/Psychoanalysis and the Future of Global Politics: Overcoming Climate Change, Pandemics, War, and Poverty.

The article reviews two books by Robert Samuels that apply Freudian psychoanalysis to contemporary political ideologies and global challenges. In *The Psychopathology of Political Ideologies* (2022), Samuels analyzes unconscious processes shaping conservative, liberal, leftist, right-wing, and centrist ideologies, critiquing both right-wing evolutionary psychology justifications and centrist narcissism. His second book, *Psychoanalysis and the Future of Global Politics* (2023), extends this approach to global issues like climate change and pandemics, arguing that both right and left political visions of the future are shaped by defensive distortions, and emphasizing psychoanalysis as a neutral, historically grounded method distinct from neurosciences or evolutionary psychology. Samuels advocates for psychoanalysis as a tool to uncover psychological mechanisms behind political behavior and to inform cooperative global solutions, while critiquing the naturalization of political attitudes through biological determinism.