The Monroe Doctrine and the Indigenous Americas.

In 1823, towards the end of Latin America's independence wars, U.S. President James Monroe famously told Europe to stop messing around in the Americas. Monroe's message effectively adjusted earlier U.S. precedents to fit the Americas' postrevolutionary geopolitics, as American republics replaced European colonies as the hemisphere's primary engines of dispossession.[40] In locating the United States within a hemispheric settler colonial context, Monroe and Adams were not alone. Despite the differences between U.S. and Latin American models, I too find it productive to call Latin America "settler colonial" in this essay, as the term highlights the fact that Latin America and the United States alike claimed and sought to expand onto Indigenous land; still more importantly, Monroe and his contemporaries recognized this similarity and crafted a foreign policy around it. 18 For Indigenous nations' importance to American foreign relations more broadly, see Brian DeLay, I War of a Thousand Deserts: Indian Raids and the U.S.-Mexican War i (New Haven, CT, 2008); DeLay, "Independent Indians and the U.S.-Mexican War", 39-40, 67-68; DeLay, "Foreign Relations between Indigenous Polities, 1820-1900", in I Cambridge History of America and the World i , vol. [Extracted from the article]