A Relational Analysis of Exceptionalism: Connecting Liberalism with Confucian Multilateralism and Emotion.

The article examines exceptionalism as a relational identity embedded within multilateral international relations (IR), contrasting American and Chinese (Confucian) exceptionalisms. It argues that American exceptionalism asserts a transcendent, outsider identity enforcing universal rules, while Chinese exceptionalism envisions a benevolent, insider identity promoting harmony through reciprocal exceptions rather than universal norms. The study highlights how both liberal and Confucian multilateralisms engage in cycles of engagement, exception-making, and learning, with emotion—particularly relational anger—playing a crucial role in sustaining exceptionalist claims and shaping foreign policy. Ultimately, the article situates exceptionalism within evolving pluriversal IRs, emphasizing its adaptive, cyclical nature and the importance of coexistence amid expanding relational systems.