Religion, secularization, and far-right support in the Netherlands, Hungary, and Italy.

This article examines the complex relationship between religion, secularization, and far-right collective actors through case studies of Hungary, the Netherlands, and Italy. It finds that in Hungary, the far-right party Fidesz mobilizes Christian voters with religious nationalist appeals, while in the Netherlands, assertive secularization motivates irreligious voters against far-right support, consistent with a "religious immunity" or "vaccination" effect where robust Christian parties limit far-right appeal among religious voters. Italy presents a more complex picture, with slower secularization and less clear religious divides in far-right support, as far-right issues and religious culture war themes are more diffusely popular. The study highlights how religious values and institutions shape voter preferences differently across these contexts, influencing the dynamics of far-right politics in Europe.