Trophic interactions between plants, pollinators, florivores and predators: a global systematic review.

This article systematically reviews global research on multitrophic interactions among plants, pollinators, florivores (organisms that feed on floral tissues), and spiders, focusing on how plant characteristics influence these relationships and their effects on plant reproductive success. The review found that herbaceous plants, especially from the family Asteraceae, and temperate broadleaf and mixed forests are the most studied, with bees (Apidae) as the predominant pollinators, Chrysomelidae beetles as common florivores, and Thomisidae spiders as frequent predators. Floral longevity significantly explains florivore presence, while spider presence is associated with plant life-form, floral symmetry, shape, pollination unit (isolated flowers versus inflorescences), and nectar availability; however, flower color and odor were not significant factors. Meta-analysis indicated that spiders generally have a neutral effect on fruit set, though results vary by study, and a notable knowledge gap exists regarding florivore impacts on fruit production. The authors emphasize the need for standardized methodologies in future research to better quantify these complex interactions.