Determining the sequence of intersecting lines formed by laser printer toner and seal ink based on confocal Raman spectroscopy.

In the field of questioned document examination, determining the sequence of intersecting lines is still a technical challenge. This study aims to validate whether confocal Raman spectroscopy can determine the sequence of intersecting lines created by laser prints toner and seal ink through empirical research. The study collected 110 varieties of seal ink and 1074 test pages from 66 models of laser printers available in the Chinese market. Based on the Raman spectral characteristics of the seal ink and the microscopic morphology of the toner, 13 types of seal ink and three types of laser printers were selected for further analysis, producing 78 representative samples of intersecting lines. Confocal Raman spectroscopy was applied to the examination of these samples using a point‐scanning mode for enhanced accuracy and efficiency. The experimental results demonstrate that confocal Raman spectroscopy can non‐destructively and quickly examine the sequence of intersecting lines produced by laser printer toner and seal ink. Variations in toner forms result in differing levels of difficulty in resolving intersection problems, with the sequence of intersecting lines from toner‐dense laser printers being the easiest to ascertain. In contrast, those from printers with porous and dispersed toner present a more significant challenge in examination. This study can be corroborated with other methods proposed, and more significantly, it lays the groundwork for addressing intersection problems related to other printing or writing instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]