Histological alterations in chilli pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) roots associated with sudden wilt syndrome.

Sudden wilt syndrome of chilli, an emerging and destructive disorder, is characterized by an abrupt appearance that has increased in Indo‐Gangetic alluvial plains over the past decade. The primary cause associated with the problem is water stagnation that creates hypoxic conditions in the root zone, and the plant mortality is further aggravated by soil‐borne fungi Fusarium oxysporum. The effects of sudden wilt on chilli roots were studied morphologically and histologically, using root scanning, optical microscopy and electron microscopy. Significant changes with respect to root length, projected area, number of root tips and root segments, average root diameter as well as estimated volume of roots were observed via root scanning of healthy and diseased root samples. Through optical microscopy of sections of the microtome‐cut root junctions displayed normal epidermis in healthy plants, while swollen cells indicated stress in the diseased plants. Cells of laterals and root tips in healthy plants were intact and stained strongly, but because of damaged tissues, cells in diseased plants were macerated and stained weakly. Root tips of healthy plants contained mitotic zones, whereas diseased root tips lacked mitotic zones. Electron microscopy studies revealed that sudden wilt had an adverse impact on xylem diameter, stele diameter, epidermal thickness and cortex thickness as evidenced by significantly lesser values of these parameters. The present study is the first systematic attempt to examine the morphological, histological and ultrastructural changes in chilli in response to sudden wilt syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]