Developing an extension framework to promote drone technology adoption in rice cultivation: Evidence from expert insights in Iran.

This article focuses on developing a comprehensive agricultural extension framework to facilitate the adoption of drone technology in rice cultivation in Iran. Using qualitative semistructured interviews with experts, researchers, and extension specialists, the study identifies key extension components—goals, clientele, content, message transmission methods, service-providing organizations, and human resources—necessary to promote drone use effectively. Findings emphasize the importance of tailored educational programs, institutional support, pluralistic extension approaches involving public and private sectors, and addressing socio-cultural, economic, and regulatory factors to enhance farmers’ knowledge, attitudes, and access to drone technology. The proposed framework aims to guide policymakers, extension agents, and agricultural practitioners in integrating drones into rice farming to improve productivity and sustainability in developing-country contexts.