Feeding and nutrition for fed-aquaculture in suboptimum environments.

Context: Globally, aquaculture contributes approximately 130 million megagrams of production to human consumption and has vital roles in food security and nutrition. Significant challenges relate to farming in suboptimum environments, owing, in part, to climate and environmental change. The current review concerns fed-aquaculture in Australia and it explores feeding and nutrition of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) as a key aquaculture species experiencing suboptimum environments. Aims: To outline impacts of global climate and environmental change on fed-aquaculture and its role in global and local food production; outline impacts of global climate and environmental change on the production biology and nutritional physiology of fed-aquaculture species; examine mitigation of impacts of global climate and environmental change via feeding and nutrition; overview and assess approaches to research, existing and emerging methods, and research paradigms used to understand impacts of global climate and environmental change. Methods: Global literature was reviewed via online databases by using relevant search terms. Key results: Nutritional mitigation, particularly through ensuring that energy and nutrients are optimised to meet different conditions and changing nutritional regimes, appears well established as well as being under continued refinement. Challenges include developing strategies for precision nutrition and more closely matching feeding and nutrition regimes with changing and different requirements. There are also challenges and opportunities in refining the inclusion of required micro-nutrients and supplements, and ensuring that product quality is maintained. Knowledge gaps remain in understanding with more precision what the requirements are for feeding and nutrients across the production cycle and in different production systems. Conclusions: Successful nutritional mitigation, centred around better understanding the impacts of biotic and abiotic factors on energy and nutrient requirements, should support greater precision in formulating feeds to meet requirements across a wider range of situations, including production cycle stage (size of fish), season (summer and autumn) and ingredient use (alternative protein sources). Implications: Aquaculture is essential to global food systems, but its sustainability depends on adapting to climate change, improving feeding practices, and integrating ecological and social license. Continued innovation and integration across disciplines are key to ensuring that aquaculture remains a viable and responsible source of nutrition and livelihoods. Globally, significant climate and environmental-change challenges increasingly require aquaculture under suboptimum environmental conditions. Using Atlantic salmon, a major Australian and global fed-aquaculture species, this review found that mitigation of feeding and nutrition is well understood and further developing precision nutrition across a wider range of situations will improve fed-aquaculture under suboptimum conditions. Using Atlantic salmon as a model research species can underpin continued innovation to help ensure that aquaculture remains a viable and responsible source of nutrition and livelihoods around the world. This article belongs to the collection: Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition – Australia 2025. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]