'Brave men' and 'pampered children': Male bodies, labour and coming of age in Belgian Congo.

This article sheds light on male identities in interwar Belgian Congo by using the colony's largest palm oil concession as a case study. Based on colonial archives and oral testimonies, it shows how vernacular and colonial understandings of masculinity interplayed and keep on influencing ways to 'be a man' in the present. This article is divided into four parts. First, it highlights how vigorous male bodies supposedly constituted entry points in the colonial 'civilizing mission'. Second, it addresses the convergences between coming‐of‐age rituals and of palm oil labour as markers of adulthood. Third, it nuances the association of dominant masculinity with brute force by showing how the 'strongest' palm oil workers were suspected to use witchcraft. Fourth, it addresses the apparent contradiction between recollection of colonial labour as an experience of hardships and paternalist 'pampering'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]