The e-government adoption ecosystem from the perspective of stakeholder theory: A case study on the village information systems in Indonesia.

This article examines the adoption and sustainable implementation of the Village Information System (VIS), a form of e-government, in Gunungkidul Regency, Indonesia, highlighting the collaborative ecosystem formed among multiple stakeholders. Using stakeholder theory and a historical approach, the study identifies three main populations involved in the VIS ecosystem—village government, local government, and central government—and details the roles of entities such as village officials, regional planning agencies, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), civil society organizations (CSOs), and village-owned enterprises (BUMDes). The findings emphasize that successful VIS adoption relies on collaborative governance, supported by regulatory frameworks, shared resources, and active participation from diverse stakeholders, which contrasts with more common e-government implementations that focus mainly on automation and information flow. The study offers a framework and practical recommendations for other village administrations aiming to implement e-government sustainably at the microgovernment level.