Hate Crime and Class Vulnerability: A Case Study of White Nationalist Violence Against Unhoused Indigenous People.

This article examines anti-homeless violence as a form of hate crime and domestic extremism, focusing on the experiences of predominantly Indigenous people experiencing homelessness (PEH) in Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada. Drawing on ethnographic interviews and observations with 50 unhoused community members, the study highlights how hate crime policies and countering violent extremism (CVE) approaches often fail to address the intersectionality of class, race, and gender, as well as place-based victimization and institutional neglect. The authors introduce the concept of "cumulative risk of hate crime victimization" to capture how intersecting identities amplify vulnerability to politically motivated violence, emphasizing that Indigenous women experiencing homelessness face heightened risks, including sexual violence. The findings suggest that effective responses require holistic, localized strategies that go beyond law enforcement to address systemic inequalities and institutional failures contributing to the marginalization and victimization of PEH.