FUNDAMENTALS OF THE ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN HUNGARIAN CITIES AND THEIR ANALYSES IN THE HUNGARIAN SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE IN THE ERA OF DUALISM.

The era of dualism (1867-1918) was one of the most complex periods in the common history of Austria and Hungary (Austro-Hungarian Monarchy), as well as in the history of the nationalities living in the multiethnic Hungarian state at that time. In this era, political, economic, social, ethnonationalist and other issues, as well as modernisation processes affecting almost all substructures of the above-mentioned entities intertwined and created real turbulence. All these factors had a significant and synergetic role in the transformation of the settlement network, particularly the group and network of cities. Urbanisation, both in terms of the growing number of cities and the modernisation of the inner infrastructures of larger cities, appeared as a major focal point of these changes. Budapest, the capital, was the only city in the country to be considered a metropolis by European standards of the time, and which had a truly unique development process. By Hungarian standards, "large cities" were those with a population of more than 30,000 inhabitants (defined by law in 1848), but of course this was a more complex issue in social, economic and functional terms. Basically, modern Hungarian science was born in the era of dualism. In connection with the process of urbanisation, geography, sociology, city administration and other fields of science developed in this period, and their respective scientific journals were established, too. Science, scientific literature and the development of cities mutually strengthened each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]