Integrating multiple data sources improves prediction and inference for upland game bird occupancy models.

The article focuses on improving occupancy models for upland game birds by integrating multiple data sources. Using data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS), eBird, and Illinois state-targeted upland game bird surveys, the study modeled habitat occupancy of Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) and Ring-Necked Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) in Illinois. Results showed that combining datasets partially mitigated spatial biases inherent in individual monitoring programs, enhanced predictive accuracy, and increased precision of parameter estimates. Targeted upland surveys contributed most to predictive power, while BBS data improved inference on occupancy parameters; eBird data had variable effects due to spatial biases. The study highlights that integrated occupancy models can effectively balance the efficiency of targeted surveys with the broader spatial coverage of general monitoring programs, aiding conservation and management efforts for declining upland game bird populations.