Phylogenomics of the major lineages of Bembidion and related ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Bembidiini).

This article focuses on resolving the phylogeny of the ground beetle genus *Bembidion* Latreille (Coleoptera: Carabidae), which comprises about 1,380 species, using extensive genomic data. By analyzing over 1,800 nuclear protein-coding loci from 33 *Bembidion* species, 10 species from related genera in the tribe Bembidiini, and 7 outgroups, the study confirms the monophyly of *Bembidion* exclusive of the subgenus *Phyla* Motschulsky, which is reclassified as a separate genus. Within *Bembidion*, two major clades are identified: the *Bembidion* superseries (including subgenera *Eupetedromus*, *Lindrochthus*, the *Philochthus* complex, and the *Bembidion* series) and the *Ocydromus* superseries (comprising most other species). Divergence dating suggests crown *Bembidion* originated approximately 48 million years ago, with the two superseries diverging around 38 million years ago. While most phylogenetic relationships are strongly supported across multiple analytical methods, some placements—particularly of *Phyla*, the *Desarmatocillenus* complex, and subgenus *Hoquedela*—remain unresolved, highlighting the need for increased taxon sampling and further morphological study to refine evolutionary hypotheses and fossil calibrations within Bembidiini.