Environmental health

DEFINITION: The control of all factors in the physical environment that exercise, or may exercise, a deleterious effect on human physical development, health, and survival; correcting and preventing those effects from adversely affecting future generations; the study of the influence of environment on health and disease

Science and Profession

The environment is the sum of all external influences and conditions affecting the life and development of an organism. For humans, a healthy environment means that the surroundings in which humans live, work, and play meet some predetermined quality standard. The field of environmental health encompasses biological, chemical, physical, and psychosocial factors in the environment. This is the air that humans breathe, the water that they drink, the food that they consume, and the shelter that they inhabit. The definition also includes the identification of pollutants, waste materials, and other environmental factors that adversely affect life and health. The study of environmental health investigates how human health and disease are influenced by the environment. It encompasses the fields of environmental engineering and sanitation, public health engineering, and sanitary engineering. The majority of professionals working in the field of environmental health are trained as civil engineers, environmental engineers, geologists, toxicologists, or preventive medicine specialists. Many are also qualified in subspecialties such as hydrogeology, epidemiology, public sanitation, and occupational health.

Environmental health deals with the control of factors in the physical environment that cause, or may cause, a negative effect on the health and survival of communities. Consideration is given to the physical, economic, and social impact of the controlling measures. These measures include controlling, modifying, or adapting the physical, chemical, and biological factors of the environment in the interest of human health, comfort, and social well-being. Environmental health is concerned not only with simple survival and the prevention of disease and poisoning, but also with maintaining an environment that is suited to efficient human performance and preserves human comfort and enjoyment. Climate resilience and environmental justice are also central to twenty-first-century environmental health.

Diagnostic and Treatment Techniques

The field of environmental health covers an extremely broad area of human living space. For practical purposes, environmental health professionals concern themselves with the impact of humans on the environment and vice versa, balancing their appraisals and allocations of available resources. The scope of environmental health research and community environmental health planning usually includes the following topics: water supplies, water pollution and wastewater treatment, solid-waste disposal, pest control, soil pollution, food hygiene, air pollution, radiation control, noise control, transportation control, safe housing, land-use planning, public recreation, abuse of controlled substances, resource conservation, postdisaster sanitation, accident prevention, medical facilities, and occupational health, particularly the control of physical, chemical, and biological hazards.

The implementation of effective environmental health strategies must take place within the context of comprehensive regional or area-wide community planning. Planning considerations for a community’s environmental health are based on individual community aspirations and goals, priorities, local resources, and the availability of outside resources required to meet projected health standards. The planning and implementation of environmental health activities directly involve engineers, sanitarians, medical specialists, planners, architects, geologists, biologists, chemists, geophysicists, technicians, naturalists, and related personnel. The natural and physical scientists provide the research necessary for communities to locate and use available resources responsibly, and they also identify potential and existing health hazards. The engineering specialties provide know-how to communities concerning the design, installation, and operation of equipment. When a problem is identified, or an emergency occurs, it is often the engineering professionals who direct remediation efforts. Medical specialists, with scientific backup, identify dangers to a community’s physical health; if health problems arise, they concern themselves with treating and preventing disease and restoring health. The implementation of any environmental health strategy is a team effort.

Perspective and Prospects

The concept of environmental health in modern society is considerably expanded from that of the past. Activities in the field of environmental health were once concerned only with issues known to be disease-related. The contemporary concept of environmental health aims to provide a high quality of living.

The field of environmental health focuses on controlling physical factors that affect human health, distinct from the prevention and control of individual illnesses and the preservation of overall human health. Most environmental health problems are the direct result of human activities and interactions with natural and manufactured resources. Human manipulation of natural resources causes changes to the environment. These changes can be local or global, anticipated or unanticipated. In the twenty-first century, humans are living in a polluted environment, the result of centuries of lack of concern for and appreciation of the ecological consequences of human activities. The cumulative effects of human actions on the environment have risen steeply and continuously, while the human response to mounting problems of environmental quality has been sporadic and targeted toward high-profile or emergency problems. As a result, environmental programs have been developed to preserve wildlife, maintain clean groundwater supplies, manage resources, combat communicable diseases, increase agricultural production, and ensure healthy and sanitary living conditions for human populations.

As a direct reflection of the public’s concern about environmental degradation, environmental health has become a rapidly growing specialty in the fields of engineering, medicine, environmental science, geology, and resource management. As public awareness of the devastating effects of pollution and resource depletion has grown, the demand for qualified environmental health professionals and administrators has increased. Whether these sought-after professionals are asked to offer stopgap measures for environmental problems that have already progressed to dangerous, possibly unresolvable levels or whether they are employed to foster a new, more holistic approach to the natural world depends on the environmental conscience of modern civilization.

By the 2020s, many considered the field of environmental health more important than ever, following years of increased global negative impacts of climate change, such as extreme weather, as well as the long-lasting effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Bibliography

"Environmental Health." BetterHealth Channel, Victoria State Government, 23 Feb. 2022, www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/healthyliving/environmental-health. Accessed 25 Sept. 2025.

"Environmental Health." MedlinePlus, 28 Mar. 2016, medlineplus.gov/environmentalhealth.html. Accessed 25 Sept. 2025.

"Environmental Health Topics." National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 21 Feb. 2025, www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics. Accessed 25 Sept. 2025.

"Environmental Health: What It Is and Critical Health Concerns." Verywell Health, 25 Feb. 2025, www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-environmental-health-4158207. Accessed 25 Sept. 2025.

"Environmental Health." World Health Organization, www.who.int/health-topics/environmental-health. Accessed 25 Sept. 2025.

Friis, Robert H. Essentials of Environmental Health. 3rd ed., Jones and Bartlett, 2019.

Hassenzahl, David M., et al. Environment. 10th ed., John Wiley & Sons, 2018.

Moeller, Dade W. Environmental Health. 4th ed., Harvard UP, 2011.

Morgan, Monroe T. Environmental Health. 3rd ed., Thomson/Wadsworth, 2003.

Philp, Richard B. Ecosystems and Human Health: Toxicology and Environmental Hazards. 3rd ed., CRC, 2013.

"Public Health and Environment." World Health Organization, www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/public-health-and-environment. Accessed 27 Sept. 2025.

"What Is Environmental Health?" Chartered Institute of Environmental Health, www.cieh.org/what-is-environmental-health. Accessed 27 Sept. 2025.

Yassi, Annalee, et al. Basic Environmental Health. Oxford UP, 2001.