Crime scene documentation

DEFINITION: All documents, notes, sketches, and photographs generated in the processing and recording of a crime scene.

SIGNIFICANCE: The very act of processing a crime scene alters the scene. The purpose of crime scene documentation is to create as accurate a record as possible of all information about the scene that may be relevant to the investigation. This documentation subsequently provides the only permanent record of the scene and is the only way of conveying information about the scene to investigators, scientists, lawyers, and the court.

Any type of environment or location has the potential to become a crime scene. Crimes can occur in urban, suburban, or rural areas; indoors or outdoors; in commercial or residential buildings; in public or private areas; and in sparse, clean, tidy locations or filthy and cluttered locations. Each crime scene, and each crime event, is in some way unique, and, correspondingly, each scene has unique aspects that are relevant to the investigation.

One of the primary purposes of the crime scene examination is to produce accurate and comprehensive records of everything at the crime scene that has the potential to be relevant to the current criminal investigation and any subsequent prosecution. The information in the records must be sufficient to support any expert interpretations, conclusions, or opinions.

At the early stages of an investigation, the information available to the scene examiner may be very limited. It may be that the only thing known is that a body is in an alley. It is often difficult, sometimes impossible, to predict how an investigation will progress and develop over time. Some item, fact, or detail that does not appear to be particularly significant during the scene examination may turn out to be crucial. Because poor documentation of a crime scene can greatly affect the investigation’s progress and outcome and, ultimately, any trial that may occur, crime scene examinations and their resulting documentation have become increasingly comprehensive.

Background Scene Information

The first law enforcement officer to arrive at a crime scene may be one of the few individuals to see the scene in a pristine condition. The observations of that first officer often direct the actions or the focus of any investigators subsequently involved with examination of the scene. For example, the first officer on the scene could observe a trail of shoe prints leading away from the scene on grass wet with early-morning dew, whereas scene examiners attending later in the day would not be able to see those prints. If such observations are not documented appropriately and conveyed to the scene examiners, important aspects of the scene examination may be missed.

From the moment a crime scene is made secure, it is important that investigators are able to demonstrate that control of any items within the scene has been maintained. Scene logs are used to record information regarding who has had access to the scene and therefore access to items within it. The chain of custody of scene items begins at the scene and is recorded in exhibit registers, or evidence logs.

Types of Documentation

Crime scene documentation can encompass a huge range of documents or records. In principle, records should be kept of all observations made and any actions taken by all persons involved in securing and processing the crime scene. This includes any handwritten notes and notes transcribed from audio recordings, any photographs taken, and any sketches made by investigators. Depending on the case circumstances, it may also include any notebook entries, or daily job sheets, from the first attending law-enforcement officers or paramedics, scene entry and exit logs, and records from others who have had some contact or involvement with the scene that was peripheral to the actual scene examination. Crime scene notes, for example, commonly include the date and time of observations, the identity of the examiner, environmental conditions, and a sequential account of actions taken during the examination. Such a structure supports transparency, review, and reconstruction of the examination process.

Photography is a significant part of recording the crime scene, and comprehensive photographing of the scene prior to and during the scene examination is essential. Photographic documentation typically includes overall views, midrange views, and close-up views, with and without measurement scales, to demonstrate the relationship between items of evidence and their surroundings. It can also be used to document evidence such as traces of blood made visible through the application of latent bloodstain reagent on surfaces and details in dark scenes recorded using flash photography. The use of video recording of scenes can also be of supplementary value. Digital scene mapping technologies, including three-dimensional laser scanning and photogrammetry, may also be used to create accurate spatial records of a crime scene. Drones that are equipped with light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technology and metadata from body-cams are also being used increasingly in crime scene documentation. These methods allow measurements, distances, and spatial relationships to be preserved in a format that can be reviewed and analyzed independently of the physical scene.

Where it was once considered sufficient for crime scene examiners to make notes regarding their observations and the various things they found at a crime scene, it has become increasingly common for examiners to make notes also regarding things they do not find. That is, absences of some kinds of items are often recorded, particularly where those absences allow conclusions to be drawn about actions or events that could subsequently be claimed or suggested.

End Users

In many cases, criminal trials take place months, or even years, after the crimes occurred. It is not realistic to expect anyone to remember accurately the minute details of a crime scene that they processed long ago when presenting evidence in court. Consequently, crime scene examiners are allowed to use their notes to aid their recall when they appear as witnesses. In fact, such notes are often deemed more accurate than an individual’s recall if significant time has passed.

For many years, investigators’ notes were precisely that—their own notes. Gradually, however, it has become accepted that crime scene notes are made to be reviewed, or scrutinized, by others. In many crime laboratories, formal quality-assurance review of notes is a standard practice. Correspondingly, it is expected that notes should be clear and comprehensive enough not only to support any findings, interpretations, and conclusions but also to allow other suitably qualified colleagues to reach those same findings, interpretations, and conclusions independently. Defense analysts may also request copies of scene notes for review. They rely solely on the information, or lack thereof, contained in the scene documentation. The admissibility and evidentiary weight of crime scene documentation depend upon demonstrable continuity of possession and clear attribution of authorship. Documentation that does not adequately record handling, transfer, or modification of scene items may be subject to challenge.

Reviews of older unsolved crimes, or “cold cases,” are becoming increasingly commonplace. These case reviews, many of which are driven by advances in technology, have revealed that gradual alterations and improvements such as advances in analytical methods, documentation standards, and evidence interpretation have occurred over time in the practices of crime scene documentation, increasing the reliance on original scene records during the reexamination of unsolved cases. As is true of many things, some of the practices deemed acceptable as recently as ten years earlier come to be seen as lacking by modern standards. Crime scene examiners can make an effort to “future-proof” their scene examination notes by documenting every scene as thoroughly as possible.

Bibliography

Bramble, Julie, and David Lydon. “Benefits and Barriers: An Exploratory Study of Drone Use and LiDAR Technology Application in UK Policing.” International Journal of Police Science & Management, vol. 27, no. 3, 17 June 2025, doi:10.1177/14613557251340913. Accessed 3 Feb. 2026.

Elliot, Douglas. “Crime Scene Examination.” Expert Evidence: Law, Practice, Procedure, and Advocacy, edited by Ian Freckelton and Hugh Selby, 3rd ed., Lawbook, 2005.

Fulton, Mike. “A Glimpse into Crime Scene Photography.” The Photographer Magazine, 10 Nov. 2023, thephotographeronline.com/crime-scene-photography/a-glimpse-into-crime-scene-photography/. Accessed 3 Feb. 2026.

Levy, Michael. Forensic Mapping: The Use of Spatial Documentation in Crime Scene Investigation. CRC Press, 2018.

Loux, Matthew. “The Criminal Investigation Process: An In-Depth Overview.” American Military University, 29 July 2025, www.amu.apus.edu/area-of-study/criminal-justice/resources/the-criminal-investigation-process/. Accessed 3 Feb. 2026.

O’Hara, Charles E., and Gregory L. O’Hara. Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation. 7th ed., Charles C Thomas, 2003.

Saferstein, Richard. Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science. 9th ed., Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007.

Walton, Richard H. Cold Case Homicides: Practical Investigative Techniques. CRC Press, 2006.