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Indian

The term "Indian," historically used to refer to the Indigenous peoples of the Americas, originated from a significant misconception by European explorers, particularly Christopher Columbus, who mistakenly believed he had reached India when he landed in the Caribbean. This misnomer persisted despite the recognition that the term is inaccurate and has become offensive to many. Today, more respectful and appropriate terms include Indigenous American, Native American, or American Indian; however, it is best practice to refer to individuals by their specific Nation, such as the Oneida or Pamunkey. The use of the term "Indian" has been critiqued for its inaccuracies and the perpetuation of colonial narratives. Despite its historical prevalence, there is an increasing awareness of the need for language that reflects the diverse identities and cultures of Native peoples. As discussions around terminology evolve, sensitivity and respect for Indigenous perspectives remain paramount. Understanding these nuances can foster greater appreciation for the rich tapestry of Indigenous cultures and histories across the Americas.

Full Article

The term “Indian,” as used to refer to Native peoples of South, Central, and North America, was based on a historical error. In the late fifteenth century, there was some disagreement over the size of the earth, although it had been accurately determined by the ancient Greeks many centuries earlier. Christopher Columbus and explorers who followed him believed the earth’s circumference to be roughly half what we know it to be today. While the term was long used, it is offensive, outdated, and should be avoided. Respectful and appropriate terms include Indigenous American, Native American, or American Indian, but when possible, referring to individuals based on their Nation’s name is appropriate, such as the Oneida Indian Nation, Pamunkey, or Powhatan.

The purpose of the early explorations of the Americas was to find a pathway to India by sailing west instead of east from Europe, primarily to avoid conflict with the nations that controlled the territory between Europe and India. Apparently, Columbus thought he had reached India when he landed on the island of Hispaniola (modern-day Haiti and the Dominican Republic), named the area the West Indies, and referred to the Native people living there as Indeos (Portuguese for Indians).

While the later British and French explorers who landed in North America did not believe Massachusetts and Quebec were India, the term was still used and translated into various languages. The term was still widely used into the early twenty-first century because no better collective term was accepted. The term “Indian” is deeply offensive and should be avoided. The most accurate and widely accepted way to identify a person or tradition is to refer to the Nation to which the person or tradition belongs. Some governmental publications use the term American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN).


Bibliography

Baker, Twyla. "How to Talk about Native Nations: A Guide." Native Governance Center, 27 May 2021, nativegov.org/news/how-to-talk-about-native-nations-a-guide. Accessed 1 Oct. 2024.

Brunner, Borgna. "American Indian versus Native American: A Once-Heated Issue Has Sorted Itself Out." Infoplease. Pearson Education, 2007.

Calloway, Colin G. First Peoples: A Documentary Survey of American Indian History. 6th ed., Macmillan Learning, 2019.

D'Errico, Peter. "Native American Indian Studies—A Note on Names." University of Massachusetts. Author, 2005.

Hyder, Eileen. Inclusive Language. SAGE Publications, Inc., 2022.

Inker, Peter. "Why We Use the Term American Indian." Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 23 Nov. 2021, www.colonialwilliamsburg.org/learn/living-history/why-we-use-the-term-american-indian. Accessed 10 Oct. 2024.

Nabokov, Peter. Native American Testimony: A Chronicle of Indian-White Relations from Prophecy to the Present, 1492–1992. Viking Penguin, 1991.

Nichols, Roger L. The American Indian Past and Present. 4th ed., McGraw, 1992.

Full Article

The term “Indian,” as used to refer to Native peoples of South, Central, and North America, was based on a historical error. In the late fifteenth century, there was some disagreement over the size of the earth, although it had been accurately determined by the ancient Greeks many centuries earlier. Christopher Columbus and explorers who followed him believed the earth’s circumference to be roughly half what we know it to be today. While the term was long used, it is offensive, outdated, and should be avoided. Respectful and appropriate terms include Indigenous American, Native American, or American Indian, but when possible, referring to individuals based on their Nation’s name is appropriate, such as the Oneida Indian Nation, Pamunkey, or Powhatan.

The purpose of the early explorations of the Americas was to find a pathway to India by sailing west instead of east from Europe, primarily to avoid conflict with the nations that controlled the territory between Europe and India. Apparently, Columbus thought he had reached India when he landed on the island of Hispaniola (modern-day Haiti and the Dominican Republic), named the area the West Indies, and referred to the Native people living there as Indeos (Portuguese for Indians).

While the later British and French explorers who landed in North America did not believe Massachusetts and Quebec were India, the term was still used and translated into various languages. The term was still widely used into the early twenty-first century because no better collective term was accepted. The term “Indian” is deeply offensive and should be avoided. The most accurate and widely accepted way to identify a person or tradition is to refer to the Nation to which the person or tradition belongs. Some governmental publications use the term American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN).


Bibliography

Baker, Twyla. "How to Talk about Native Nations: A Guide." Native Governance Center, 27 May 2021, nativegov.org/news/how-to-talk-about-native-nations-a-guide. Accessed 1 Oct. 2024.

Brunner, Borgna. "American Indian versus Native American: A Once-Heated Issue Has Sorted Itself Out." Infoplease. Pearson Education, 2007.

Calloway, Colin G. First Peoples: A Documentary Survey of American Indian History. 6th ed., Macmillan Learning, 2019.

D'Errico, Peter. "Native American Indian Studies—A Note on Names." University of Massachusetts. Author, 2005.

Hyder, Eileen. Inclusive Language. SAGE Publications, Inc., 2022.

Inker, Peter. "Why We Use the Term American Indian." Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 23 Nov. 2021, www.colonialwilliamsburg.org/learn/living-history/why-we-use-the-term-american-indian. Accessed 10 Oct. 2024.

Nabokov, Peter. Native American Testimony: A Chronicle of Indian-White Relations from Prophecy to the Present, 1492–1992. Viking Penguin, 1991.

Nichols, Roger L. The American Indian Past and Present. 4th ed., McGraw, 1992.

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