Vaginal yeast infection
A vaginal yeast infection, also known as candidiasis or vulvovaginal candidiasis, is an infection caused by the overgrowth of the fungus Candida albicans in the vaginal area. While yeast is typically present in the vagina, an imbalance can lead to excessive growth, resulting in discomfort and various symptoms. Common symptoms include vaginal itching, a clumpy discharge resembling cottage cheese, soreness, burning sensations, and redness.
Women may experience increased risk factors for yeast infections due to hormonal changes from birth control, pregnancy, or menopause, as well as antibiotic use, uncontrolled diabetes, and certain medications. Healthcare providers diagnose yeast infections through pelvic exams and tests of vaginal discharge. Treatment options include antifungal medications available as creams, tablets, or oral treatments, with some being accessible over the counter.
Preventive measures include maintaining proper hygiene, wearing breathable fabrics, and being cautious with antibiotic use. For those seeking additional relief, natural remedies like probiotics and boric acid capsules may complement traditional treatments. Understanding these aspects can empower individuals to manage and reduce the likelihood of recurrent infections.
Vaginal yeast infection
- ANATOMY OR SYSTEM AFFECTED: Genitalia, skin, vagina
- ALSO KNOWN AS: Candida vulvovaginitis, monilial vulvovaginitis, vaginal candidiasis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, yeast infection
Definition
A vaginal yeast infection is caused by the fungus Candida albicans. Although yeast is common in the vagina, it can cause problems when it grows excessively. This excess growth causes the uncomfortable symptoms of a yeast infection.
Causes
Yeast grows in conditions that are less acidic. Vaginal fluids are most often mildly acidic, but their acidity level can change. For example, acid levels can decrease during menstrual flow. Good bacteria also help keep yeast levels in check. Conditions that decrease levels of good bacteria will also increase the chance of a yeast infection.
Risk Factors
Seventy-five percent of women will have at least one incidence of yeast infection in their lifetime. Eight percent of the female population may have recurrent infections, meaning they have incidences of yeast infection four or more times per year. Risk factors that can increase the chance of a yeast infection include situations that can cause hormonal changes, such as the use of birth control pills; pregnancy; menopause; steroid use; broad-spectrum antibiotics; diabetes, especially when blood sugar is not well-controlled; a compromised immune system, such as with human immunodeficiency virus infection; specific prescription medications, upsetting the natural flora of the vagina through douching, perfumed feminine hygiene sprays, deodorant tampons, or bubble bath; tight jeans, synthetic underwear, or a wet swimsuit.
Symptoms
Symptoms of yeast infection include vaginal itching, ranging from mild to severe; a clumpy, vaginal discharge that may look like cottage cheese; vaginal soreness, irritation, or burning; rash or redness on the skin outside the vagina; painful urination; and painful sexual intercourse.
Screening and Diagnosis
A doctor will perform a pelvic exam. Vaginal discharge, if any, will be tested. One should consult a doctor at the first onset of symptoms. Other infections have symptoms that are like those of a yeast infection. These other infections include bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis.
If a woman has had a yeast infection, she may be able to recognize the signs of a new infection. In this case, over-the-counter medications are safe to use.
Treatment and Therapy
Treatment for vaginal yeast infection includes the use of medications. Various antifungal drugs are available as vaginal creams, tablets, or suppositories. These drugs include Monistat (miconazole nitrate), Gyne-Lotrimin (clotrimazole vaginal), Femstat (butoconazole vaginal), Terazol (terconazole vaginal), and Mycelex (clotrimazole vaginal). The treatments come in one-day, three-day, and seven-day packs. Some of these are over-the-counter, and others (such as Terazol) may require a prescription. A doctor also can prescribe fluconazole (Diflucan), an oral medication. It is a single-dose treatment. If pregnant, one should consult a doctor before any treatment.
Several natural treatments may complement medication for vaginal yeast infections. Boric acid capsules have shown effectiveness in treating yeast infections resistant to antifungal drugs. Probiotics can help restore the natural flora balance in the gut and vagina. Some home remedies with limited scientific support include using coconut oil to soothe irritation, applying yogurt topically, and using tea tree oil.
Prevention and Outcomes
To help reduce the chance of getting a yeast infection, one should take the following steps: Dry outside the vaginal area thoroughly after a shower, bath, or swim; remove a wet bathing suit or damp workout clothes as soon as possible; wear cotton underwear; avoid tight clothing; avoid douching unless instructed to do so by a healthcare provider (douching decreases vaginal acidity); avoid bubble baths, perfumed feminine hygiene sprays, and scented soap; and avoid frequent or prolonged use of antibiotics, if possible. Persons with diabetes should control their blood sugar levels. When taking an antibiotic or a medication known to cause yeast overgrowth, supplementation with probiotics may help prevent a vaginal yeast infection.
Bibliography
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Redhead, Tahirah, et al. "11 Home Remedies for Vaginal Yeast Infection." Healthline, 28 Mar. 2024, www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/yeast-infection-home-remedy. Accessed 7 Oct. 2024.
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"Vaginal Yeast Infection." MedlinePlus, 12 July 2023, medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001511.htm. Accessed 7 Oct. 2024.