Rodeo (competitive sport)

Rodeo is a competitive sport that involves many skills men and women used when herding cattle in the American West. Cowboys and cowgirls had to rope animals, control them to provide medical and other care, ride horses with skill and speed, and break horses, meaning teach horses to work with a saddle and rider on their backs. Both men and women compete in rodeos professionally.

Early rodeo competitions were casual and involved cattle workers who toiled together. The first organized, large-scale rodeos took place in the late nineteenth century. Traveling Wild West shows contributed to the development of rodeos, as entertainers performed many of the skills that became competitive events.

Professional competitions include roughstock events and timed events. Roughstock events include bareback riding, bull riding, and saddle bronc riding. Timed events include barrel racing, steer roping, steer wrestling, team roping, and tie-down roping.

The word rodeo comes from the Spanish word rodear, which means "go around." The Latin origin is rotare, meaning "rotate." Another accepted translation is "to round up." The term was not used until the twentieth century, however. Early events were billed as cowboy tournaments or contests.

Background

The work done by cattle ranchers and their hired hands during the nineteenth century required skill. The most accomplished workers were vaqueros, Spanish-speaking horsemen whose ancestors had worked with Spanish explorers and the horses they brought. As cattle ranching increased in the American West, ranchers hired many vaqueros. The ranchers and their workers, including slaves, learned from the vaqueros.

By the end of the American Civil War (1861–1865), the cost of beef in the North and East was very high. Much of the stock had been needed to feed soldiers. Ranchers, especially those in Texas, realized they could sell their cattle for much more if they could get them to the North and East. They hired cowboys, including many freed slaves, to drive cattle to the nearest railway lines. The footloose life of the cowboy captured the imagination of many people. Publishers romanticized life on the open range in fictional accounts.

This interest in the cowboy life was further promoted with the development of Wild West shows. Although versions of such shows had been around for many years, several showmen began focusing on them during the 1860s and 1870s. Many shows featured Native Americans, frontiersmen, trick shooters, and animals. Wild Bill Hickok took part in a show called the Grand Buffalo Hunt at Niagara Falls in 1872. Buffalo Bill Cody staged what were called border dramas beginning in the 1860s. Cody used his experience to establish his own Wild West show, which had a dramatic narrative structure that appealed to American audiences. The performers acted in skits about Pony Express riders, who delivered mail across the frontier; wagon trains of pioneers settling the land; and stagecoach attacks. The performers did riding and rope tricks and fancy shooting. A narrator explained to the audience that frontier survival depended on such skills. Women were also featured performers, and Annie Oakley and Lillian Smith were among those who displayed their marksmanship. Cody's show played Madison Square Garden in New York in 1886, and it continued to travel until 1913.

African Americans were often included in early shows, but over time, fewer were hired. Bill Pickett, a cowboy of black and Native American ancestry, invented steer wrestling, also called bulldogging. The technique involves grabbing a steer by the horns and pulling it to the ground. It got its name because cattlemen often used dogs trained to help round up stray cattle. Pickett developed bulldogging by riding his horse alongside a steer, jumping onto its head, and using the horns to leverage the animal's head upward, twisting it. He reportedly bit the animal on the lip to control it. Pickett performed this feat in countless cities, popularizing the event while working in the traveling 101 Ranch Wild West Show.

Several cities claim to have hosted the first rodeo in the United States. These include Santa Fe, New Mexico (1847); Deer Trail, Colorado (1869); and Pecos, Texas (1883). The rodeo that established the format most familiar to rodeo fans of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries was held on July 4, 1888, in Prescott, Arizona. These standard features include admission charges, invitations extended to competitors, prizes, and rules for competition. Events in 1888 were limited to bronco riding, cow pony races, and steer roping. In 1889, the organizers added a steer-riding competition.

As people turned to other forms of entertainment such as the movies, the rodeo struggled financially. During the 1940s, many Americans, including cowboys, were off fighting World War II (1939–1945), but many rodeos drew greater attendance through the twentieth century.

Overview

More than seven hundred professional rodeos operate in the United States as of 2017. Most include the same events.

Saddle bronc riding involves riding unbroken, or untrained, horses. Riders begin with their feet over the horse's shoulders and can use only one hand to hold on. High scores go to riders who synchronize their spurring action with the bucking of the bronco. The rider's control, length of spurring stroke, and the bucking action of the horse also can rack up points. A rider is disqualified for touching the animal, equipment, or himself or herself with the free hand; if a foot slips out of the stirrup or the rider's feet are mispositioned; if the rider drops the rein; or if the bronco tosses the rider off.

Bareback riders must keep their feet above the break of the horse's shoulder when the horse emerges from the chute into the arena and maintain position until the horse completes its first jump and landing. They may use only one hand to hold the rigging, which is a grip of leather and rawhide. Touching anything with the free hand, losing foot position on entry, or being bucked off results in disqualification. Judges look at the rider's control and spurring techniques as well as the animal's action.

Bull riding is primarily about remaining on the bull for eight seconds. Scoring is based on body position more than anything else, although spurring can add points for a rider.

Tie-down roping developed when cowboys had to rope and tie down sick animals for medical treatment. The rider and horse chase a calf. The contestant ropes the animal, leaps off the horse, catches the calf (which must be standing), puts it on its flank, and ties three of its legs together with a string. The competitor signals completion by throwing both hands in the air, remounts the horse, and lets the rope fall slack. If the calf gets free within six seconds, the run is invalid.

Steer roping is much like calf roping, but the rider lassos the animal's horns and ties the rope to the saddle. The rider stops the horse quickly to jerk the steer off its feet. Then the competitor ties three of its legs together.

Steer wrestling or bulldogging is much as Pickett performed it, although another rider in the ring keeps the steer moving. To be successful, the bulldogger must stop the steer or change the direction of its body before he or she throws it down.

Two riders compete at once in barrel racing, a timed event. They run around three barrels in a cloverleaf pattern and race back to the starting point. While moving barrels is permitted, a rider is penalized five seconds for every one knocked over.

In addition to professional rodeo athletes, junior competitors also participate. Many join organizations such as the American Junior Rodeo Association, with divisions for boys and girls of all ages, and the National High School Rodeo Association, which has both junior high and high school divisions. The Women's Professional Rodeo Association has a junior competitive division. Dozens of American colleges and universities have varsity rodeo teams for men and women who compete in the National Intercollegiate Rodeo Association.

Although professional cowboys and cowgirls are the most recognizable people in the sport, the multimillion-dollar industry also employs many other workers. Rodeo clowns not only entertain the audience but also serve the vital and dangerous purpose of distracting bulls when contestants fall so they can escape to safety. Rodeos are large entertainment events, so show producers must organize staff, livestock equipment, and lighting and other entertainment equipment. Producers book venues of adequate size, market shows, and keep careful watch on expenses to ensure a profit. Many other people work behind the scenes moving stock and equipment. Stock contractors provide the bulls and broncos. Many ranchers become stock suppliers to area rodeos.

While any rodeo participant is at risk of injury, bull riders are particularly susceptible. As they ride steers, they fracture bones, including skulls, limbs, ribs, and collarbones. Shoulder dislocation is a common injury. Some competitors have had organs ruptured from a hit by a steer. Bull riders account for about half of rodeo injuries, while bareback riders make up 23 percent and saddle bronc riders come in with 16 percent. Timed events are less perilous, with steer wrestling accounting for 8 percent of rodeo injuries, 3 percent for calf roping, and 1 percent in team roping. In keeping with the hazards of the profession, physicians who specialize in rodeo events are always nearby during competition. The high rate of concussions has also led 50 to 60 percent of bull riders to wear helmets.

While many view rodeo events as entertainment, a number of animal rights groups are opposed to rodeos. Opponents say devices such as cattle prods and bucking straps, which are placed around animals' abdomens, provoke them to act wildly. The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) and People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) both oppose rodeos. Rodeo officials counter that the rules regarding animal care are extensive and closely followed. Many fans, however, consider rodeos a vital part of their culture.

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