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Fauna of Africa  — Research Starter

The fauna of Africa is renowned for its remarkable diversity and abundance, featuring a vast array of wildlife, including approximately ninety species of large ungulates and over two thousand species…

Eyes (comparative anatomy)  — Research Starter

Comparative anatomy of eyes reveals the remarkable diversity of visual systems across the animal kingdom, each adapted to meet the specific needs of species. At its core, the eye functions as a…

Extinctions and evolutionary explosions  — Research Starter

"Extinctions and evolutionary explosions" refer to the processes through which species decline dramatically and subsequently give rise to rapid diversification and innovation in the biosphere.…

Extinction  — Research Starter

Extinction refers to the complete disappearance of a species from the planet, a phenomenon that has been documented throughout Earth’s history. The concept gained significant attention in the late…

Exoskeletons  — Research Starter

Exoskeletons are rigid external structures found in arthropods, a diverse group that includes insects, lobsters, and spiders. They provide several evolutionary advantages, such as protection for…

Excretory system (comparative anatomy)  — Research Starter

The excretory system, essential for maintaining homeostasis, varies significantly across different organisms, reflecting adaptations to their specific environments. In vertebrates, the kidney plays a…

Evolutionary origin of sex differences  — Research Starter

The evolutionary origin of sex differences involves understanding the advantages of sexual reproduction compared to asexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction, which produces genetically identical…

Animal evolution: historical perspective  — Research Starter

Animal evolution is a complex and ongoing process through which species undergo changes over time, leading to the emergence of new species. This concept has roots in ancient philosophy, with thinkers…

Estrus  — Research Starter

Estrus, derived from the Greek word "oistros," refers to a period in the reproductive cycle of female mammals when they are receptive to mating. This phase is characterized by a complex interplay of…